The first human embryonic stem cells transplanted into humans demonstrated no signs of hyperproliferation, tumorigenicity, ectopic tissue formation or rejection after 4 months of follow-up, two studies showed.

The prospective trials evaluated subretinal transplantation of human embryonic stem cells derived from retinal pigment epithelium in one patient with Stargardt's macular dystrophy and one patient with dry age-related macular degeneration.

Controlled cell differentiation led to greater than 99% pure retinal pigment epithelium, and cells displayed normal behavior, losing pigmented cobblestone morphology while proliferating and then re-differentiating into a monolayer of polygonal cuboidal pigmented epithelium once confluence occurred. Lightly pigmented cells attached and spread in greater proportion than darkly pigmented cells.

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